1,019 research outputs found
Entanglement and Sources of Magnetic Anisotropy in Radical Pair-Based Avian Magnetoreceptors
One of the principal models of magnetic sensing in migratory birds rests on
the quantum spin-dynamics of transient radical pairs created photochemically in
ocular cryptochrome proteins. We consider here the role of electron spin
entanglement and coherence in determining the sensitivity of a radical
pair-based geomagnetic compass and the origins of the directional response. It
emerges that the anisotropy of radical pairs formed from spin-polarized
molecular triplets could form the basis of a more sensitive compass sensor than
one founded on the conventional hyperfine-anisotropy model. This property
offers new and more flexible opportunities for the design of biologically
inspired magnetic compass sensors
ADVERTISING TO ARCHITECTS: CREATING DESIRE AND ESTABLISHING CREDIBILITY IN THE CASE OF ALUMINIUM
Media advertising, sponsorship deals and office visits are some of the main mechanisms
through which manufacturers and suppliers attempt to place their materials and products before
architects and find a way into professional consciousness. As scholarly interest in the
promotional practices of manufacturers and their agents builds, there is a need to formulate and
discuss analytical terms and tools for this research. The paper puts forward two terms through
which the promotion of new materials and products to architects can be studied: desire and
credibility. As a case study, it examines the introduction of aluminium as a building material in
Australia in the mid-1930s and its subsequent promotion to become a major part of building
construction in the 1950s
The ball in play demands of international rugby union
Objectives: Rugby union is a high intensity intermittent sport, typically analysed via set time periods or rolling average methods. This study reports the demands of international rugby union via global positioning system (GPS) metrics expressed as mean ball in play (BiP), maximum BiP (max BiP), and whole match outputs.
Design: Single cohort cross sectional study involving 22 international players, categorised as forwards and backs.
Methods: A total of 88 GPS files from eight international test matches were collected during 2016. An Opta sportscode timeline was integrated into the GPS software to split the data into BiP periods. Metres per min (m.min-1), high metabolic load per min (HML), accelerations per min (Acc), high speed running per min (HSR), and collisions per min (Coll) were expressed relative to BiP periods and over the whole match (>60min).
Results: Whole match metrics were significantly lower than all BiP metrics (p < 0.001). Mean and max BiP HML, (p < 0.01) and HSR (p < 0.05) were significantly higher for backs versus forwards, whereas Coll were significantly higher for forwards (p < 0.001). In plays lasting 61s or greater, max BiP m.min-1 were higher for backs. Max BiP m.min-1, HML, HSR and Coll were all time dependant (p < 0.05) showing that both movement metrics and collision demands differ as length of play continues.
Conclusions: This study uses a novel method of accurately assessing the BiP demands of rugby union. It also reports typical and maximal demands of international rugby union that can be used by practitioners and scientists to target training of worst-case scenario's equivalent to international intensity. Backs covered greater distances at higher speeds and demonstrated higher HML, in general play as well as 'worst case scenarios'; conversely forwards perform a higher number of collisions
Algebraic inversion of the Dirac equation for the vector potential in the non-abelian case
We study the Dirac equation for spinor wavefunctions minimally coupled to an
external field, from the perspective of an algebraic system of linear equations
for the vector potential. By analogy with the method in electromagnetism, which
has been well-studied, and leads to classical solutions of the Maxwell-Dirac
equations, we set up the formalism for non-abelian gauge symmetry, with the
SU(2) group and the case of four-spinor doublets. An extended isospin-charge
conjugation operator is defined, enabling the hermiticity constraint on the
gauge potential to be imposed in a covariant fashion, and rendering the
algebraic system tractable. The outcome is an invertible linear equation for
the non-abelian vector potential in terms of bispinor current densities. We
show that, via application of suitable extended Fierz identities, the solution
of this system for the non-abelian vector potential is a rational expression
involving only Pauli scalar and Pauli triplet, Lorentz scalar, vector and axial
vector current densities, albeit in the non-closed form of a Neumann series.Comment: 21pp, uses iopar
Orthogonal realizations of random sign patterns and other applications of the SIPP
A sign pattern is an array with entries in . A matrix is row
orthogonal if . The Strong Inner Product Property (SIPP), introduced
in [B.A.~Curtis and B.L.~Shader, Sign patterns of orthogonal matrices and the
strong inner product property, Linear Algebra Appl. 592: 228--259, 2020], is an
important tool when determining whether a sign pattern allows row orthogonality
because it guarantees there is a nearby matrix with the same property, allowing
zero entries to be perturbed to nonzero entries, while preserving the sign of
every nonzero entry. This paper uses the SIPP to initiate the study of
conditions under which random sign patterns allow row orthogonality with high
probability. Building on prior work, nowhere zero sign patterns
that minimally allow orthogonality are determined. Conditions on zero entries
in a sign pattern are established that guarantee any row orthogonal matrix with
such a sign pattern has the SIPP
Parameters Related to Tree-Width, Zero Forcing, and Maximum Nullity of a Graph
Tree-width, and variants that restrict the allowable tree decompositions, play an important role in the study of graph algorithms and have application to computer science. The zero forcing number is used to study the maximum nullity/minimum rank of the family of symmetric matrices described by a graph. We establish relationships between these parameters, including several Colin de Verdière type parameters, and introduce numerous variations, including the minor monotone floors and ceilings of some of these parameters. This leads to new graph parameters and to new characterizations of existing graph parameters. In particular, tree-width, largeur d\u27arborescence, path-width, and proper path-width are each characterized in terms of a minor monotone floor of a certain zero forcing parameter defined by a color change rule
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